Teaching strategies to develop metacognition

There are identified strategies that were found to be effective in developing students' metacognition. These are the following:

Have students
- monitor their own learning and thinking
- Make predictions about information to be presented next based on what they have read
- Relate ideas to existing knowledge structure
- Develop and ask questions of themselves, about what’s going on around them

Learners are classified based on the level of metacognition:

Novice learners:
- Have limited knowledge in different subject areas
- Satisfied at just scratching the surface; hurriedly gives solution to the problem
- Employ rigid strategies that may not be appropriate to the task at hand
- Attempt to process all information they receive
- Do not examine the quality of their work, nor stop to make revisions

Expert Learners:
- Have deeper knowledge in different subject areas
- First try to understand the problem, look for boundaries, and create a mental picture of the problem
- Design new strategies that would be appropriate to the task at hand
- Select important information to process, able to breakdown information to manageable tasks
- Check their errors and redirect their efforts to maintain quality output